Taguchi s signal-to-noise ratio for the cases of "larger the better" quality characteristics is generally derived from the reciprocal of its quality characteristics value so that the signalto-noise ratio for the cases of "smaller the better" quality characteristics can be calculated.

The collection of accurate spectra in the field requires an awareness of the influences of the various sources of illumination, atmospheric characteristics and stability, winds, instrument field of view, target viewing and illumination geometry, instrument scanning time, and the spatial and temporal variability of the characteristics.

Broadband amplifying characteristics of a bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber amplifier;