The term Xiao-Zi, often found in the inscriptions on the ancient bronze objects, usually has four meanings: a modest appellation, an appellation referring to others, the patriarch of a small clan or a government official.

Patriarchal Clan and Factions in the Rural Community;

When the village becomes the source area of revolutionary, the patriarchal clan is regarded as the fetters of the revolution and becomes the target for attack, and in thereafter social integration of the Soviet Area,the CPC tries hard through the basic unit of political power construction to cause the patriarchal clan to move toward the country.

About Clan in Hebei since the Late Qing Dynasty based on Genealogy;

Considering of the Relation between Contemporary Clan and Nation——The case study of setting up public clan hall in Bobai county,Guangxi;

On the Duality and Its Accommodation of Clanism Culture;

Education,Lineage and Local Community:Reexamination of Academy of Classic Learning in Wanzai,Jiangxi,in the Middle Qing Dynasty;

Lineage and Country Temple:The Stone Temple and the Pan s Lineage in Tan Country at the West of Guangdong Province;

The Chaozhou Lineage of the Event of Coastal Evacuation in Early Qing Dynasty;

Clans in Guangzhou in the Late Ming Dynasty: A Real Picture Found in Mengshuizhai-cundu (1632);

Huizhou clans and educational development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties;

Numerous and confused theories all come out, and till now, people still do not have a distinct understanding of the rebuilding of clans and the relationship between clan and village governance.

In the 1960s or 1970s last century, the "Qiubang" theory Put forward by the western scholars discussed the existence of the clansman and tribe government.