The design idea and applications of four types of refractory for bottom anode electrodes including conducting bottom electrodes,thin-pole bottom electrodes,steel-sheet bottom electrodes and water-cooling billet bottom electrodes are introduced.

Asymmetric anode substrate and rapid-raise temperature were the main factors of anode substrate warp and crack under molding pressure 25-250 MPa.

LSGM+NiO anode substrates for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells were fabricated and the relationships between porosity pore radii distribution, electrical conductivity of the substrate and its composition were studied.

Preparation of anode substrate membranes, as the mechanical supports of SOFC PEN sandwich structure, is the most pivotal technique.

In this article, the development of DC arc furnace is briefly presented and the different types of bottom electrode are compared.

In order to make a thorough study on the heat transfer of water-cooling steel-stick bottom electrode of DC electric arc-furnace,a 2D axisymmetric solid-liquid conversion mathematical model based on flow was built according to the structure of the furnace bottom and the relevant boundary conditions.

Steady and unsteady heat transfer of bottom electrode were simulated by FLUENT on the basis of 2-D heat transfer model.

On the basis of the practices and recognitions at Baosteel,some technical points of DC furnace are discussed including power quality,electrode consumption and bottom electrode technology.